The Ethical Decision Making Of Bilingual People Essay

Summary: Due to the globalization international business is growing fast all over the world but specially in China and as a result of that many people speak both Chinese and English. This research paper discusses the ethical decision making of bilingual people to challenge the most common theory that ethical decisions does not differ regardless of what language the subject is making it in. Given the rapid globalization many accounting students and professionals speak multiple languages and this profession require people to make ethical judgments in complex situations. And there has been very limited prior research in this subject. This research uses linguistics in relation to culture and psychological research to provide empirical evidence regarding the research question. The authors develop theories relating to cultural attributes of the languages and how they influence the subject’s decision making process. The subjects here were undergraduate Chinese students who speak both English and Simplifies Chinese who were given a financial investment situation. For data collection and analysis the 2 x 2 experimental research instrument is used. Considering all the variables the research method provided us with the result that there is a significant difference when bilingual people make an ethical decision both in English and in their native language. The findings suggested that on the basis of the ‘control concept’ the subjects were more aggressive while making decisions EnglishShow MoreRelatedEnglish Language Learners: Speech-Language Pathologists681 Words   |  3 Pagesthe most ethical and appropriate services to meet the individual needs of the student. However, evaluating ELL students can be challenging from a clinical standpoint and typically is complicated by many factors including, personal, institutional, and society interests. Many school based SLPs are not proficient in a second language and therefore are not adequately trained to provide no nbiased bilingual assessments. Current practices in speech-language pathology support the decision making processRead MoreEssay on Counseling Ethics804 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiences in life to arrive at concrete intervention strategies for the help seeker. Yet another could be a deacon, midwife or nurse engaged in alleviating physical, material and financial needs of a parishioner/ help seeker. In all these, certain ethical actions are common to all practitioners if the help seeker will receive true divine healing through the helper. Such behaviors like confidentiality- in which help seekers information should not be divulged without his/her consent, bridging of theRead MoreDiversity Also Increases Adaptability Due To A Diverse1499 Words   |  6 Pages2013). Lastly, diversity brings bilingual and bicultural skills to the business because bilingual employees can also be interpreters to the customers. Diversity provides exciting job environment where people share ideas, cultural issues. Even though diversity provides some benefits, it also poses some disadvantages to the business. Diversity creates communication barrier because of language misunderstanding. Also, people differ in negotiation skills, and decision making approaches. In a diverse workforceRead MoreThe Historical Foundation Of People With Disabilities Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesHistorical Foundation: The historical foundation of people with disability has evolved from a place where people with disabilities were hidden away to present time being involved member of their community. disability. One of the first changes for people with disabilities was the Kennedy Era of 1960. President Kennedy used his platform to challenge the quality of life of people with disabilities. When his MR panel found a non-existing care for people with disabilities, their was a removal of mentalRead MoreEthical Issues With International Business1518 Words   |  7 Pagescountries have and it is important to be aware of them. Cultures become crossed when different countries negotiate business. Culture influences how people act, think, and communicate. When dealing business internationally, diving in head first isn t an option, businesses need to be aware of differences and accommodate them to be successful. There are many ethical issues with international business. Many companies expand internationally because foreign countries offer a higher profit than your country andRead MoreThe Value Of Social Workers Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagesof character in various relationships. Although Kantianism (Singer, 1993) is primarily focused on the sense of people s duty, critics have argued that the perspective does not allow for compassion and sympathy to motivate people s actions. Furthermore, Kantian’s theory lacks guidelines when it comes to dealing with conflicting requirements. Social work cannot simply fit in to one ethical perspective, although it may have many features of Kantian and Utilitarian. Social work is about recognizing thatRead MoreMy Goal Is For The Position Of Ambassador735 Words   |  3 PagesMathematics and a minor in Science, Technology and International Affairs, I’d pursue the Carroll Fellows Initiative to tailor my learning to China. I want to major in Mathematics so I can incorporate skills gained in this major into my political decision making. I’ve always loved math because numbers aside, it requires working towards a solution by breaking down complex problems into smaller, more solvable sub-problems. In solving the awesome proof of integral of sec(x)dx, I used many tiny and evenRead MoreEssay on Working Manual for Counselors and Pastors1965 Words   |  8 Pagesenvisioned to edify the body of Christ and is intended to be a living Pastoral tool that helps shape our character as we confer with help-seekers in their life destiny with Christ Jesus-the living Head of the Church. This book is for professional people helpers like Counselors, Guidance counselors, Christian School psychologists, Pastoral Counselors, Pastoral care givers, NursesPastors, youth pastors, Deacons, Elders- and other professionals who interact/ intervene in other people’s lives. TheRead MoreHuman Resource Management : A Meta- Analysis On Strategies, Testing And, And Developmental Stages1655 Words   |  7 Pagespractices. But are these necessary in many job offerings in Canada? Yes it is indeed! Canada being a bilingual country with French and English as both national languages and a growing multicultural identity. It is relevant to know and understand the country and its people- their way of life and characteristics. In Social Psychology, the building blocks of a certain nation or society is it’s people. The interaction and relationship of these locals are fundamentally link to any business or company.Read MoreRelationship Between Culture and the Clinical Practice of Psychological Assessment8526 Words   |  35 Pagescultural status quo in clinical practice. In particular, indigenous peoples throughout the world have pointed out that clinical psychologists, in both research and practice, have not successfully been able to understand or deliver cult urally appropriate services due to Psychologys entrenched, Western European, ethnocentric perspective. In order to understand the difficulties that psychologists might face in performing assessments on people of First Nations heritage, a collaborative research project was

Essay about Wars are Not Good for the Economy - 1846 Words

One of the more enduring myths in Western society is that wars are somehow good for the economy. Many people see a great deal of evidence to support this myth, after all World War II came directly after the Great Depression. This faulty belief stems from a misunderstanding of the economic way of thinking. The standard a war gives the economy a boost argument goes as follows: Lets suppose that the economy is in the low end of the business cycle, so were in a recession or just a period of low economic growth. The unemployment rate is high, people may be making less purchases than they were a year or two ago, and overall output is flat. But then the country decides to prepare for war! The government needs to equip its soldiers with†¦show more content†¦In it, Hazlitt gives the example of a vandal throwing a brick through a shopkeepers window. The shopkeeper will have to purchase a new window from a glass shop for a sum of money, say $250. A crowd of people who see the broken window decide that the broken window may have positive benefits: After all, if windows were never broken, what would happen to the glass business? Then, of course, the thing is endless. The glazier will have $250 more to spend with other merchants, and these in turn will have $250 to spend with still other merchants, and so ad infinitum. The smashed window will go on providing money and employment in ever-widening circles. The logical conclusion from all this would be ... that the little hoodlum who threw the brick, far from being a public menace, was a public benefactor. (p. 23 - Hazlitt) The crowd is correct in realizing that the local glass shop will benefit from this act of vandalism. They have not considered, however, what the shopkeeper would have spent the $250 on something else if he did not have to replace the window. He might have been saving that money for a new set of golf clubs, but since he has now spent the money, he cannot and the golf shop has lost a sale. He might have used the money to purchase new equipment for his business, or to take a vacation, or to purchase new clothing. So the glass stores gain is another storesShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Revolutionary War1038 Words   |  5 Pagesat Yorktown, the revolutionary war was over, and the United States began the arduous task of rebuilding an economy held back by colonialism and destroyed by war. From the 1780s up until the 1810s, the economy was slowly growing and diversifying, the War of 1812 halted much of those advanced. The war ruined the United States economy once again, but it allowed it t o grow and develop to new heights and become stronger than before the war. After the revolutionary war, the United States began the arduousRead MoreTheu.s. Roosevelt s New Deal Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesThanks to the economic growth during WWII, America finally concluded the Great Depression. The federal government rose out of the war as a powerful economic player, being able to control the economy through consumption and spending. Just about every industry in America was saved by World War II. The war’s quick technological and scientific changes kept continuing and concentrated trends began during the depression and gave hope for further innovation in the U.S. Likewise, the increases in individualRead MoreEconomic Growth Of Post War Japan1361 Words   |  6 Pagesworld war. A majority of the commercial buildings and accommodation had been demolished, and massive machinery and equipment formerly used in production for the civil market were out of service to provide metal for military supplies (Miyazaki 1967). Despite the trash and ruins had left over in Japan, Japan was able to rebuilding its infrastructure and reconstruct their economy. It is revealed that the Japanese economy was on its way to recovery, which received a rapid development since the war, andRead MoreThe Economy Of Early America856 Words   |  4 PagesThe economy of early America certainly had its share of struggles, in addition to its years of profitability. The economy was influenced by a number of different goods lowing in and out of the country, as well as services offered in the country over an almost 200 year period. Some of these influences are certainly more important and had a greater effect than others, namely slavery, the production of cotton, and the revolutionary war. While many of these economic factors were around through the endRead MoreThe Between North And South1641 Words   |  7 PagesEngland with its own economy, laws, and government. Not long after it declared independence that a rift between North and South began to start. The North believed in the Puritan Merchant role model, and the South in the role model of the English Country Squire. The difference in point of views soon caused the United States to start to split apart before eventually completely separating and resulting in one the bloodiest wars in American history. Prior to the outbreak of the civil war in 1861-1865, manyRead MoreEffects Of World War I On America1425 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of World War I on America Basic Work Rough Draft World War I was a bloody and gruesome war that drew in many countries from around the world. It lasted from July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918. As mentioned, there were many countries involved in World War I. These countries were separated into two clashing alliances: The Triple Entente, involving the powers of France, Britain and Germany; as well as the Central Powers which involved the powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman EmpireRead MoreThe United States During World War I906 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States had many reasons for growing around the war. They were involved with different ways to assist the economy, politics and economy. Economy around Word War I was booming for the United States. It was not only a great time for industry and manufacturing but also the American people. Women were not thought of as capable of doing most work. During this time women were being neglected for their rights. However, due to the draft in World War I it caused for many shortage s in workers. AllowingRead MoreEconomic Prosperity : George Washington s Farewell Address1660 Words   |  7 PagesPanics, economic growth after the Civil War, 2nd Industrial Revolution} Urged by economic benefits, people wanted new markets for their goods, while others ravished the riches of new land. Due to the America’s strive to become the Worlds greatest nation throughout history, the American economy was able to benefit after the Spanish American war and World War II, as opposed to the inflation and lead up to the Great Depression which World War I inflicted on the economy. In 1898 President McKinley dispatchedRead MoreInflation Can Be Measured By Consumer Price Index Or Cpi?1726 Words   |  7 Pagescouldn’t possibly purchase anything for that cheap†. Although this seems impossible, prices fluctuate on a daily basis. This price fluctuation is known as inflation. Inflation is a continual escalation in the aggregate or general price level in an economy. In simpler terms, it means there is an increase in the cost of living and that your money might not buy as much today as it could in earlier times. To fully understand inflation one must know how it is calculated. Inflation can be measured by evaluatingRead MoreResearch Paper: Roaring Twenties1537 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper: Roaring Twenties After World War 1, America had to demobilize and revert back to a peace time economy. During the 1920’s, it was viewed as a prosperous economy since there was a new labor force due to demobilization, new inventions, and a new infrastructure. Also moral spirits were high since America along with the Allied Powers defeated Germany and the Great War was finally over. However, America began making many economic policies and decisions that will eventually lead up to

Odyssey Free Essays

The lessons in life are learned by choice or the experiences of others. In Homer’s epic poem, The Odyssey, life applications are implied through the different adventurous journeys of Odysseus, the protagonist. These adventures relay certain and different knowledge to every individual reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Odyssey or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of this knowledge includes the relation of numerous morals to everyday life experiences such as identity and boasting, surrogates, and enjoying life as a whole. In Homer’s The Odyssey, Odysseus models how identity can be related to modern day life through his experiences. For example, after the Cyclops had been blinded, Odysseus states, â€Å"Cyclops, if ever mortal man asks you the story†¦ say that Odysseus made you blind, the spoiler of cities†¦ †(Homer 115) This shows that the implications that nothing good comes out of boasting is perceived, as a poor reflection becomes of Odysseus. This also shows that just as today, people are characterized by their actions including boasting, just how Odysseus is distinguished. In addition, Odysseus shows patience with his identity as it states, â€Å"†¦ peaking in winged words he said, -yet uttered the truth, but turned his words awry, ever revolving in his breast some gainful purpose. † (Homer 164) This shows that Odysseus’s character now has the willpower to keep him from revealing himself. This also shows that sometimes its not all about the â€Å"look at me† feeling, as Odysseus rubs off in a positive direction by being humble. In conclusion, the morals of identity found in this novel are applicable to modern day life through the lessons Odysseus learns. Due to the multiple stops durning Odysseus’s journey home, lessons of surrogates can be interpreted to modern day life. For example, Odysseus had been visiting long-term with Circe, in which during this time stated, â€Å"†¦ for a time I doubted in my mind and heart whether to go and search the matter†¦ † (Homer 120) This shows that temptation of surrogate loved ones, family, and friends can delay the final prize, or in this case Odysseus’s homecoming. This also shows that just as Odysseus loses focus on his true love, Penelope, many today can take their eyes off the prize, such as a loved one which will result in temptation to commit adultery. In addition, Odysseus lands in Phaecia where Nausicaa states, â€Å"A husband he will be, her very own†¦ and he will keep her forever. † (Homer 77) This shows that once again Odysseus shows immaturity in his actions. This also shows that the encounter with Nausicaa could be another turning point of Odysseus’ homecoming, just as modern day people make everyday choices towards their homecoming. For the reasons above, not only can the lessons of Odysseus’s surrogate wives relate to modern day life, the lessons he learns can show the audience the poor outcome of his choices. The morals found within this novel all have a focal point to life and how to live it, but the biggest moral of all is to enjoy life. For example in book eleven, where Achilles talks to Odysseus in the underworld, he says, â€Å"Better to†¦ serve a man of mean estate whose living is but little, than be the ruler over all these dead and gone. † (Homer 142) This shows that in life, its better to serve and be kind to others than be the best in everything that is done. This also shows that, although this book was written so long ago, Achilles tells Odysseus the same moral as people today tell each other. In addition, Teiresias shares a saying to Odysseus: â€Å"Whomever among these†¦ let approach the blood, he shall declare the truth. But whomsoever you refuse, he shall turn back again. † (Homer 134) This shows that to live life to the fullest, staying loyal to friends, and being open-minded to others is the key to staying on the right path. This also shows that the people who surround themselves with in life shapes them just as Odysseus is shaped by the influential people he talks to in the Underworld. In conclusion, enjoying life can be accomplished by anyone, and the Odyssey shows the basic examples of living life correctly. In the Odyssey, Odysseus encounters many trials than stated above. His decisions are what delayed him to his homecoming. Through the reader’s perspective, relations to morals of modern day life can be made such examples of identity and boasting, surrogates, and living life. What choices will you make to effect the outcome of you life? How to cite Odyssey, Essay examples Odyssey Free Essays

Quincy Morris and Van Helsing in the Crew of Light Essay Example For Students

Quincy Morris and Van Helsing in the Crew of Light Essay In Bram Stokers novel, Dracula, we see the epic conflict between Dracula, the degenerate aristocrat, and the respectability of emerging middle class values represented in the Crew of Light. Two key members of this Crew of Light are Quincy Morris, the honourable and reliable soldier and Abraham Van Helsing, the master of things obscure and occult and the ice cool analyst. This essay will focus on the role and purpose of these two characters in Bram Stokers novel. To do this I have selected two specific passages from the text of Dracula. The first passage is at p. 50, and is a letter describing Quincy Morris. Lucy Westernera, a friend and suitor to Quincy, writes the letter. The second passage, pp. 93-4, is a letter written about Van Helsing from his friend and former student, Dr Seward. Both these passages give us insights as to the character of the two men. Whilst being an important member of the Crew of Light, Quincy Morris is also perceived as being non-threatening as a foreigner in the Crew of Light. Lucy knows little of Quincys background and this would seem to breed a slight element of disrespect for him. This is illustrated where Lucy says: It amused me to hear him talk American slang. (P. 50) Although Stoker does not directly combat racism and xenophobia he addresses the matter in a both subtle and jovial manner. Including subtle prejudices associated with Quincy like this softens the Victorian stereotype of foreigners and, ergo, reassures the Victorian reader that proper English virtues can exist in certain foreigners, characteristics such as honesty, bravery and being well mannered. Lucy continues on in her letter to help enforce the fact that Quincy does indeed uphold these revered characteristics: Mr Morris doesnt always speak slang for he is really well educated and has exquisite manners. Lucys letter here typifies the prejudice against Quincy; it is harmless and not intended to be insulting, but at the same time it reminds the reader that the prejudice and xenophobia that was commonplace in Victorian Britain is still present in the text. The slang that Quincy Morris uses when speaking to Lucy helps to distinguish him from Lucys other suitors. I believe that Stoker included the slang to show how Quincy has to adapt himself to be accepted in the Crew of Light. He only resorts to phrases like driving in double harness, when he is nervous and speaks from his heart. It would seem that Stoker wished to show the reader how no matter how much you try to change yourself to fit in with society, it is impossible to truly escape the person inside. However, the opinion of Quincy Morris in the eyes of Dr Seward and Arthur Holmwood paints a very different picture to the harmless gentleman described by Lucy in her letter to Mina Harker. To the men, Quincy is seen as a brave and honourable fighter; he has served in the army alongside Seward and Holmwood. Quincy brings with him knowledge and technology of warfare; Stoker gives him the same characteristics that America held in the eyes of a Victorian reader. He is seen as a dependable ally and suitably westernised, so that he could be accepted in British society. The fact that Quincy has served in the army alongside two English gentlemen also gives him a bond with the two men. This bond seeks to eradicate traditional xenophobic barriers that may otherwise have arisen between them. Because of this bond, neither Seward nor Holmwood treats Quincy as they may have treated a foreigner. For instance, great trust is put in Quincy when he helps to look after Lucy in the nights while she is still alive. And Quincys blood is seen to be good enough to help Lucy, for he gives blood to her in the form of a transfusion: A brave mans blood is the best thing on this earth when a woman is in trouble. Youre a man and no mistake. (p. 75) The desperation of the Crew of Light to save the life of Lucy allows them to see through typical Victorian racial obstacles and treat Quincy as the gentleman he is. I believe Stoker wanted to express how he felt about the combination of bloods in Lucy, giving the men a bond, which would seek to eradicate traditional racial barriers. In this essay I intend to compare each opening scene in both movies by focusing on the similarities and differencesOne can assume that Stoker did not want to be seen as just another man trying to argue for either science or religion, as was popular at the time. If one reads closely there are some instances where one can assume that Van Helsings words are the same as the opinions of Stoker. For instance, when Van Helsing says: Well, the devil may work against us for all hes worth, but God sends us men when we want them. (p. 75) I propose that this quote comes directly from Stoker himself, and is based in his opinion of societal beliefs. A dependence on science and technology somewhat veils the supernatural, rather than explains it. The characters in Dracula are faced with situations that science has no explanation for and they must trust in God or nothing else. I believe this is why Stoker shows a dependence on more old-fashioned, religious weapons and defences, such as the crucifix, holy wafer and knives from the Crew of Light. One must infer that Van Helsing is given added respect in his knowledge of the occult because he is a foreigner. The Crew of Light and the Victorian reader would perceive that his origins might be similar to the origins of the occult. To put matters simply, the occult was not British. It is comforting to the Victorian reader to know that Dracula derives from foreign shores, and that this monster is not the literal product of British society, even if its metaphorical power was vividly apparent. Van Helsing is seen in the text as a source of knowledge on the occult, and without him I am certain that the Crew of Light would be unable to fight Dracula effectively. However it does seem somewhat ironic that the Crew of Light must enlist the help of a foreigner to protect their country from the very same thing: Yet this is not the first time that foreign help has been enlisted by the British to drive out a foreign invader. In the early 5th century, the Goths helped the indigenous people of Britain drive out their Roman oppressors and become independent. It is more than coincidence that Van Helsings place of origin, Holland, is where many of the Gothic tribes settled. The Crew of Light draw out Van Helsings knowledge of the occult in the same way that the military expertise of the Goths was used by the indigenous people of Britain to help them drive out the foreign invaders. This is a Gothic historical analogy for a Gothic novel. In this essay I have discussed why Stoker has chosen to include the characters of Quincy Morris and Abraham Van Helsing. I believe I have found three main points that I will now reiterate in conclusion. Firstly, Stoker does not treat Quincy Morris as a foreigner, because there is nothing but his blood that separates him from the other British members of the Crew of Light. And his blood is transferred and mixed with the blood of the other members of the crew of light through the process of a transfusion, where any racial qualities encoded within the blood will have been diluted. Secondly, Stoker has chosen to present the occult as something that is not British, and he personifies this in the character of Van Helsing. This underlines the significance of foreignness as a theme in the novel. Finally, Van Helsings foreign origin serves to politicise the conflict between Dracula as an invading foreigner and the intrinsic Englishness of the majority of the Crew of Light. Within this novel, these two characters form an integral part of Bram Stokers purpose.

25 Synonyms for Sign and Symbol

25 Synonyms for Sign and Symbol 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Sign† and â€Å"Symbol† 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Sign† and â€Å"Symbol† By Mark Nichol Various words referring to pictorial representations of objects or ideas often have precise connotations. Here are many words conveying subtle shades of meaning about signs and symbols. 1. Attribute: an object, especially in representational art, signifying a person or place, or authority (also, a characteristic or quality or a word describing a quality) 2. Badge: a sign symbolizing achievement, authority, or membership 3. Cachet: a seal used to denote official approval, or an indication of prestigious approval (plus additional meanings, including â€Å"prestige†) 4. Coat of arms: a heraldic symbol or combination of symbols, or one or more symbols serving a similar function (also, a garment on which such symbols are employed) 5. Cognizance: a distinguishing sign (plus additional meanings) 6. Colophon: a printer’s or publisher’s symbol (also, an inscription providing information about the production of a publication) 7. Crest: see â€Å"coat of arms† (plus additional meanings) 8. Cryptograph (and cryptogram): a sign with hidden meaning or significance (also, a coded message) 9. Device: a heraldic symbol (plus additional meanings) 10. Emblem: a symbol associated with a particular thing or concept 11. Ensign: a sign of authority, or a sign or a flag (also, a military rank or someone holding that rank) 12. Hallmark: a mark signifying approval or authenticity (also, a distinguishing feature or trait) 13. Homologation: official approval or confirmation 14. Icon: a symbolic image 15. Impresa: a heraldic symbol 16. Imprimatur: approval, license, or sanction, or a mark thereof 17. Insignia: a sign of authority, honor, or rank 18. Logo (also logograph and logogram): a statement or symbol of identification, or a motto 19. Monogram: an identifying sign often consisting of conjoined initials 20. Pictograph: a symbol in a pictorial system of communication 21. Rune: a particular type of alphabetical character later associated with magic (plus additional meanings) 22. Stamp: a distinctive character, indication, or mark, or a lasting impression (also, the act of stamping or the device used for stamping, as well as a piece of paper fastened to another object as proof of payment) 23. Token: an expression, sign, or symbol (also, among other meanings, a characteristic, or a keepsake) 24. Totem: an object or symbol representing kinship 25. Trademark: a word or other symbol applying to a product or service (also, a distinguishing feature) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesMood vs. Tense

Criminological Research Topics Aims And Rationale Social Work Essay Essays

Criminological Research Topics Aims And Rationale Social Work Essay Essays Criminological Research Topics Aims And Rationale Social Work Essay Essay Criminological Research Topics Aims And Rationale Social Work Essay Essay The instance of Sabina Akthar is a tragic instance, which shows carelessness of the Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) . Sabina Akthar and Malik Mannan had married through arrange matrimony in Bangladesh. When Akthar found out that her hubby had a kept woman, jobs occurred in their matrimony. Akthar had faced domestic force from her hubby and as consequence made ailments to the constabulary. Mannan was arrested and about a month subsequently he was released on bond. Mannan s bond conditions included clauses such as ; he was non to reach his married woman or see her place. After Mannan had broken his bond conditions on several cases he was re-arrested. However on this juncture he was released without charge and besides his bond order was dropped. After Mannan was released he carried on directing Akthar text messages in which he threatened to kill her. Few yearss after these messages Mannan had stabbed Akthar from her bosom, which caused Akthar s decease. After t he immature adult female s decease the Crown Prosecutions Service accepted that they were negligent in the manner they have handled the instance and apologised to Sabina Akthar s household ( Guardian 2009 ) . The British Crime Survey s ( BCS ) measuring of the civilization consequence on domestic force is different to the constabulary statistics. Harmonizing to statistics the civilization consequence on domestic force plays an of import function here. The purpose of my research is to specify how civilization has an consequence on domestic force in the United Kingdom amongst the white ethnicity. Due to the experience I have gained through volunteering in the Coventry Refugee Centre I have gained knowledge about different states and the civilizations those states have. In the United Kingdom victims of domestic force are chiefly adult females and kids. For many adult females their place is where they suffer maltreatment at custodies of person who is truly close to them. Most victims of domestic force face long term physical and psychological amendss. The individual who abuses them does non give them any opportunity to do their ain determination ; hence after a while some victims believe that there is no manner out of their agonies and gives up on seeking to get away. This research seeks to find the impact of cultural consequence on domestic force in adult females and kids in United Kingdom. Cardinal literature Domestic force besides known and expressed as fie whipping or confidant spouse force normally coexists with kid maltreatment about half of the clip ( Hamel. J, Tonia L. Nicholls 2007 ) . Husbands who beat their married womans are much likely to use for lasting abode for their undocumented married womans than hubbies who do non crush their married womans. Therefore in-migration position appears to be another manner in which opprobrious hubbies control their married womans in the UK. Abusive hubbies frequently threaten their married womans with exile if they do non follow with the hubby s wants. Frequently undocumented abused married womans are afraid to collaborate with child protection governments for fright that their hubbies might revenge by turning them into in-migration governments. Womans who cooperate with probes of kid maltreatment and or domestic force have remarkably good entree to legal lasting residence but they are improbable to be cognizant of this. Battered immigrant ad ult females face several hindrances to seeking protection and services. These hindrances including linguistic communication barriers, negative perceptual experiences of the jurisprudence enforcement and legal system, fright of exile, cultural and spiritual issues and favoritism ( Gabriel 1994 ) . When it comes to the civilization consequence on domestic force Uganda has the highest offense rates of domestic force, 41 % of adult females reported being beaten or physically harmed by their hubbies. This can be related to the economic factors and conditions every bit good as different life manners and cultural fluctuation in Uganda. Harmonizing to the statistic the media has been considered one of many lending factors in domestic force. It has been criticized for its portraiture of force in films, telecasting and printed signifier ensuing in the desensitisation of people with respect to their tolerance of force. On the other manus the media has besides been used as a modern communicating tool in increasing public consciousness of domestic force and increasing support for ongoing research, funding instruction and bar and intervention plans and support for betterment in the Torahs the condemnable justness system and the public policy. The impact of income inequality and societal construction may besides make more domestic force towards adult females. Men s unemployment or portion clip employment has been associated with increased rates of domestic force. ( Natalie, Sokoloff and Pratt 2005 ) . Recent survey found that unemployment was a important forecaster of force. This suggests some work forces might comprehend employment as a critical constituent of their masculine individuality and resort to force as an attempt to recover lost position. Some surveies report that in-between category Asiatic adult females are more likely to see domestic force than white in-between category adult females among some cultural and racial minority groups are attributable in portion to poorness. Some research has suggested that the disagreement between employment and income topographic points adult females at hazard. When adult females earn more than work forces or have a higher instruction making and employment accomplishments, many work forces feel psychologically threatened and some use force to confirm power in their relationship. Many immigrants coming to England to happen a better life to populate for themselves and for their kids but the barriers the immigrant face are truly enormous. New civilization that they face every bit good as linguistic communication barriers their hubbies take advantage of this and get down adumbrating their spouse s that their hubbies may describe their positions to the UK in-migrations service. Different states and civilizations may hold their ain values and attitudes toward a adult female topographic point household, matrimony, sex functions and divorce and adult females may non detect that the domestic force is against the jurisprudence they may non cognize that they have the legal option to stop the opprobrious relationship. Domestic force can happen in households from all cultural and cultural group and beliefs and intercession policies and patterns in handling beat-up adult females should suit their diverse cultural backgrounds. The British Crime Survey statistics shows that one in five adult females has experienced domestic force in their life style and many of these adult females ended their relationship because of opprobrious relationship. . Harmonizing to the study shows that adult female chose to remain in opprobrious relationship because of fright if the adult females efforts to go forth they will be tracked down and crush or killed because of this the most adult females think that any prison clip would be impermanent and the subsequent and effects even worse. Methodology My research attack will reflect a subjectivism. I believe this position is most appropriate for my probe because people got their ain thoughts and it will be in subjectivism manner the consequence that I will acquire in the terminal it will non be based on one interview. My methodological analysis will be based on interviews, qualitative, subjectivism and interpretivism. Every interview that I will make will hold different position and different thoughts in it. I will be covering with human positions instead than stuffs. In order to complete my thesis I need to understand how adult females are expected to act within different civilizations, believes and faiths. For illustration as I have spent two old ages at the Coventry Refugee Centre as an translator and a instance worker this has given me a good cognition about diverse people and I understand their sentiments and feelings. Therefore I believe the experience that I have gained within that work environment will be really helpful to me while I am carry oning my interviews. To update my actual reappraisal I will besides utilize secondary informations. As my secondary informations resources I will utilize books and modern-day articles. This will enable me to widen my cognition and apprehension of the general theory facets on civilization consequence on domestic force. I will besides acquire some aid from the Coventry Refugee Centre by traveling on their web sites and besides by speak to them face to confront when needed. This secondary information will assist me to plan the interview inquiries in order to acquire the best replies. For my research I will besides make face to confront semi-structured interviews to understand the consequence of civilization on domestic force. I will besides utilize internet hunts. I have applied to volunteer within the victim support strategy. I am trusting that the experience I will derive from this work arrangement will give me the chance to happen out more information about victims of domestic force which will assist to complete my thesis. I will make some interpretivisim to measure the significance of domestic force. This will supply me a good feedback about the domestic force and the trust in the constabulary and Criminal Justice System. These inquirers will supply me some quantitative informations. In order to acquire replies that are representative and non-biased these inquirers will be given to randomly selected adult females. The qualitative consequence that I have gained from the interviews will be used in two ways. First of all I will compare them to the secondary information which is the theory facet of the research. Second I will compare the questionnaire consequences ( pattern ) . Through comparing these informations I will analyze the positions on domestic force. As the consequences that are gained through the interviews will be qualitative, which means these statistics will give me an chance to analyze the consequences in order to make some charts, graphs and pies. As I worked as an translator and a instance worker at the Coventry Refugee Centre it is easy for me to entree into the Centre and acquire the support that I need. I have decided to take my participant through my work experience topographic point, because my subject is based on civilization consequence on domestic force and there are many adult females who been victims of domestic force in their place states. I will hopefully make my inte rview at the Refugee Centre and I will inform my participants that everything that they say throughout the interview will be confidential and that no 1 will be allowed to see the replies that they have given in the questionnaires. However there are some troubles to make this interview for illustration some of the participants may non talk English. Therefore I will besides seek to set up an translator for them where needed in order to complete my research proposal. Cultural issues Researching about domestic force is non easy. While I am making my research there are several ethical issues which I need to pay close attending to non to do farther hurt to the participants. For illustration some inquiry may do hurt to participants if they are asked in a certain manner. Therefore I will necessitate to plan my inquiries in a manner which my participants will non experience uncomfortable to reply them. Conducting a research on domestic force might be a nerve-racking probe. This is because the subject is a really sensitive subject as it is non psychologically easy for people to speak about their tragic experiences. Therefore this survey might do possible or farther hurting and injury to the person who have or still sing maltreatment by reminding them events that they do non wish to retrieve. It may besides expose implying information and expose single to put on the line. Consequently I need to be to the full prepared to cover with the likely effects of the research. Fo r illustration the effects of my research on participants on their households and on the research workers themselves ( conductivity such research may be straitening ) may be defeated by a debriefing session at the terminal of the research. In this debriefing session participants will be able to talk to professional head-shrinkers about their experience within the research. During this session participants can discourse any peculiar concerns they have about the research. Another illustration of a sensitive issue is false memory and cured memory. This is a argument which has been traveling on over the past 20 old ages. A celebrated memory psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has written about the cogency of cured memories of childhood maltreatment. Harmonizing o Loftus s surveies these memories normally come to visible radiation merely after curative Sessionss with people who use techniques such as guided imagination to research early life experience. This domestic force research is socially sensitive because there are possible effects for people who have claimed to hold recovered memories and for their households. Therefore to finish my research I need to see including some cultural guidelines papers. I will subscribe this papers and included in my proposal to province that I have tried to cover with ethical issues every bit best as I could. Besides the inquiries that I will inquire during the interview have to be approved by my coach. I will besides inquire my participants to subscribe a consent signifier which will province that the interviews done are wholly confidentially and that they are willing to take portion in this research. Data that will be collected through the interviews will be confidential therefore I will be maintaining this information with me at all times until my research is complete and I will non allow anyone else to see it. I will be covering with adult female with cultural positions, being sensitive to other civilizations is easier said than done. Cultural sensitiveness has nil to with the art and music of a civilization and about everything to make with regard, shared determination devising and effectual communicating. Too frequently researches ignore these values, the life manner and the cognitive and affectional universe of the topic. soz jus on the phone to ma adult male. bu mom cwk is on my laptop n im on my personal computer bu jus write bou wha research method u gna usage like for mine im doin instance stdies n interviews n lyk u gta say whether u gna usage qualitative method or quantitative methods n why u utilizing those methods das it reallyysoz jus on the phone to ma adult male. bu mom cwk is on my laptop n im on my personal computer bu jus write bou wha research method u gna usage like for mine im doin instance stdies n interviews n lyk u gta say whether u gna usage qualitative method or qu antitative methods n why u utilizing those methods das it truly Contemplation I have learnt excessively many things about the research method and technique that are used in it. Having completed this research that is based on civilization consequence on domestic force improved my statement accomplishments in a paper. Through utilizing and roll uping informations and with illustration of statistics my statements have become much better than how it was used to be. My researching accomplishments besides improved in a positive manner during this research proposal. In old researches for my survey I used to acquire stuck on how to garner information but now I am able to utilize mostly different resources I can now understand the subject more widely and it besides helps me to do a better statement. In my sentiment this research is my best research paper that I have done in my life. The class that I will acquire for it might non demo a good class but what I learned from it will profit me for my hereafter researches. I spent approximately two yearss merely for making the existent research. It will be utile for the following twelvemonth when it come to the thesis by utilizing these new techniques that I have learnt from this research proposal, hopefully so I will be able to set my points across more efficaciously and clearly. How to compose a research proposal will profit me in future lessons in my life. Due to the experience that I have gained while fixing this proposal I will be able to give good illustrations about the subjects that I will be fixing a proposal for in my hereafter academic life. I will besides be able to give and make a better statements and counter-arguments in my future research proposal. To make my thesis I have to remain focus on my chosen subject in order to finish it by utilizing different accomplishments that I have learned from this research proposal.

Curriculum redo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Curriculum redo - Essay Example The reason being, unlike older times, today’s industrialized world is heavily based on sectors of industries run by qualified individuals. This means that, only a person with sufficient acumen of business can run successful merchandise and only a qualified doctor can provide medical care to the sick. The reliance of this industrial matrix on the notion of transmission of specific quanta of knowledge from one generation of employees to the next ensures a continued, long-term importance of the profession of teaching. Like any other discipline, the discipline of pedagogy is full of theories and principles that provide groundwork for the educators, researchers and the teachers to develop effective classroom environment and lesson plans (Wiles, 2010). This does not only help the teachers in imparting knowledge to the learners in the most conducive environment but also help the learners to accumulate this knowledge and reflect upon it, thereby broadening their intellectual horizons (Weimer, 2002). One of the theories that arose in the past decade in this regard was the Curriculum Theory, which brings together the elements of theory and practice on one avenue. ... This paper examines the efficiency of two such ideologies in an instructional setting. It then merges these two ideologies in forming a personal philosophy of curriculum, which then forms the guiding principle for the personal teaching practice (Wiles, 2008). It is important here to establish few observations about the instructional setting in which the ideology implementation will take place. The setting here is a high school for at-risk teenagers at an adult county jail where the curriculum will be taught to English Language Learners. The setting is different from most high schools because of its students. The learners are mostly from the minority groups with poor financial background, susceptible to drugs, street crime who little no exposure to a proper school system before. To begin with, let us look at the Social Reconstructive curriculum ideology in detail and examine its appropriateness to the instructional setting. The social reconstructive ideology holds that the purpose of education is to reform the values of the society (Weimer, 2008). This ideology perceives curriculum as a tool of social reconstruction. This is important because this explains why this ideology is significant to the development of curriculum for ELL learners in adult county jail. The learners in this setting are not only materially disadvantaged but have also been victims of aggression, violence, and abuse. As psychology dictates, such adverse living conditions and unhealthy lifestyle not only affects the physiological health but also disrupts the psyche and the personality of the subjects making them more pessimistic and violent. Thus, the protocol of Social Reconstructive ideology influences this very aspect of their lives and plays a

Commandos by Pyros Studios. Website Planning Report Essay

Commandos by Pyros Studios. Website Planning Report - Essay Example This gaming website generally follows the same pattern as that of other gaming website of its kind, such as Call of Duty and World of Warcraft. However, the website will be distinguishable from its competitors through its logo, color palette, story line and characters that would be used as elements to improve brand positioning of the website and also the game. The primary target market for this website is the age group falling between 16 and 25 and comprises of mostly the male population. Commandos is strategy game based on the background of the World War II that mostly appeals to the young males. Demographic The Demographics that we would be discussing for this website is based on the primary target market, even though there are a large number of gamers that would be accessing the website who do not fall within the following mentioned demographics. Age The age group of gamers for this website is mostly teenagers and also gamers in the early twenties. People belonging to this age group generally are inspired by the use of flash in the website and observe the aesthetics of the website closely. Income Level and Employment Status The target market for this website is mostly unemployed teens that may be working odd jobs at minimum wages. The target market has the time to play games since they are not employed full-time and have spare time at hand. Thus, these gamers are affected by the price of the game and may not wish to invest heavily in the game. Sex Since Commandos is a strategy based war game, it appeals to the male target market that fulfills their ambition of fighting in the war through such games. Also the game has been aesthetically designed to appeal to the male population through the suitable use of

Mary Todd and Abraham Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mary Todd and Abraham - Essay Example The letter reveals that the First Lady was more than a wife to the President. During that time, she was also his adviser, assistant, and bearer of blessings for the people. Where Abraham cannot be, Mary Todd is there so that the people will have someone to talk to about their problems and woes. Mary Todd is given the liberty to act out on her own, but she does not abuse it and still calls to Abraham for the final say. Their relationship as a couple and as partners is a healthy give-and-take one. The letter reveals that Abraham Lincoln regards his family just like he would do his country. Mary Todd knows that Abraham is not accustomed to writing, yet she still writes to update him, and although no reply is imminent, she still intends to tell him what is going on with their family. In return, Abraham expresses his love for his family by making sure that they are well and that they have everything that they need. When Mary Todd asked for money, she assumed that Abraham will send it, whi ch means that Abraham tends to their needs just like he oversees the needs of everyone. After reading the letter, it can be concluded that the study of primary documents is important because it conveys a lot about the writer of the letter and the intended recipient.

Developing Ones Identity Is A Lifelong Process Sociology Essay

Developing Ones Identity Is A Lifelong Process Sociology Essay Developing ones identity is a lifelong process. The definition of self-identity, according to psychology is the conscious recognition of the self as having a unique identity. I chose to focus my research on the area of adolescent identity, or youth between 12 and 19 years of age, because that is when so many huge decisions are made that affect a persons life and the direction in which it is going. Upon my research, I have discovered that this is an ever evolving theory. There is so much research and information on this particular subject, that it couldnt possibly be covered in one paper. Many of the theorists build on each other. Henri Tajfels adeveloped social identity theory. Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality (Cherry, 2012). And Urie Bronfenbrenner developed the ecological systems theory to explain how everything in a child and the childs environment affects how children grow and develop. There are many other theorist who have affected the way we look at identity as well. And there are many theorists in whom the above theorists have observed and built upon. Eriksons theory has stages, much like Freud and Piaget. One theorist who elaborated on Eriksons theory was James Marcia. Tajfels research consisted of two laboratory experiments that focused on in-groups and out-groups to determine the discrimination of out-groups and the inherent self-esteem boost the participants received when they awarded their own groups, even though they were anonymous, with the most money. He determined that there are three processes used to evaluate others as us or them or in other words, in-groups and out-groups, and that these processes take place in a particular order. First is categorization. We categorize objects in order to understand and identify them, this includes our social environment. We find things out about ourselves according to the categories we belong to. The second stage is social identity. Once categorized to a group, each of us forms our identity based on our belonging to the group and create an emotional bond. From there, we attach our self-esteem to this group membership. The final stage is social comparison. Once our group is formed and we have categorized ourselves, and developed an identity attached to that group, we tend to compare our group with other groups. Our self-esteem in wrapped up in this group, so we need to make sure that we are viewed as favorable in the eyes of other groups. If we are not, then hostility and competition forms between groups to determine the better group or groups. Essentially, we are fighting for our identity. This is especially true for teenagers. There are so many groups that determine young peoples identity. Religion, race, gender, activities, etc. all play an important role in how people define themselves. The next theorist is Erik Erikson. He based all of his work on case studies, and at times was criticized for his lack of formal research. Some felt that he lacked credibility because of his lack of research, but Erikson based his stage-theory on what he had observed in his life as well as case studies. The development of ego identity is one of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory. Ego identity is the idea that we develop a conscious sense of self through social interaction. Due to new information and experiences that we acquire every day during our social interactions with others, our ego identity is constantly changing. Erikson also felt that behaviors and actions were motivated by a sense of competence. Erikson believed that each stage can create competence or crisis, or a turning point in ones development. Each quantitative stage presents its own achievements and challenges. The stages are as follows, with a focus on Identity versus confusion, but because his th eory is built on stages, it is important to mention the stages leading up to the adolescent identity stage. The first is Trust vs. Mistrust, because an infant is entirely dependant on their caregiver, they build a sense of trust if they are properly cared for, or mistrust if they are neglected, rejected, or abused. The second stage is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. This stage refers to potty training and food choice. When children successfully complete this stage they either feel secure and confident or inadequate or doubt themselves. The third stage is Initiative vs. Guilt. These are the preschool years when they begin to assert themselves and discover a sense of control and power over others. If successful they feel capable, if they fail they feel that sense of self doubt and guilt. Stage four is Industry vs. Inferiority. A sense of pride begins to develop as children recognize their accomplishments and abilities through their social interactions. When children are encouraged by th eir parents and teachers they develop a sense of competence and a belief in their abilities. This brings us to the stage of Identity vs. Confusion. This is the important stage, at least as far as we are concerned. During their adolescent years, children develop a sense of self by exploring their independence. There are several contributing factors to the formation of identity. As adolescents enter puberty their cognitive skills and physical abilities increase. When teens become more independent they tend to get involved in more neighborhood, community and school activities. Erikson believed that these changes make adolescents begin to explore their future jobs, their relationships and their beliefs. According to Erikson, identity has been formed when a person can evaluate themselves and their environment and links them together expressively. When a person struggles with this identity link, that is when the issues of role confusion occurs. Role confusion causes an individual to quest ion their characteristics, their sense of self and their perceptions of others. Due to changing physical, cognitive, and social factors, nearly all adolescents experience some form of role confusion (Kroger, 2004, as quoted by Sokol, 2009). Identity helps each of us to find our place in the world. It provides us with a sense of belonging, a sense of self, and gives us each a sense of direction. Identity is what makes us move in a particular direction. Identity is what gives us reason to be. Erikson clearly believed that having a solid sense of identity is crucial to further development. Without a true sense of identity, adolescents tend to choose a lifestyle that has negative consequences, because they lack self respect or feel that they dont deserve a better life. The theorist James Marcia, based on Eriksons theory, developed four Identity Statuses of psychological identity. His main idea is that personal choices and their social commitments determine ones identity. It is important to clarify that these are NOT stages, but statuses that can happen in any order or not at all. Marcias four statuses are, first, Identity Diffusion, this is when an adolescent doesnt feel like they have a choice in things pertaining to themselves, when in reality, they just havent made one, or is not willing at that time to make a commitment to one choice or another. Second, is Identity Foreclosure, this is when an adolescent is willing to satisfy others by committing to certain roles, values, or plans for the future. This is not an identity crisis; these individuals are just choosing to conform to what others want for them. The third status is Identity Moratorium, which is when the adolescent is in a crisis, this is when an adolescent is ready to make a choice, but has not committed to any of those choices yet. The final status is Identity Achievement, this is when an adolescent has gone through an identity crisis and has committed to a choice and developed a sense of identity based on that choice. We have all experienced this in our lives. There is not a single adult that can honestly say that they went through their entire youth knowing exactly who they were and who they were going to become. It is a process, a learning curve. I daily duty filled with action and reaction. Every day teenagers, and adults, have to reevaluate certain aspects of their identity bases on what works and what doesnt work. Our final theorist is Bronfenbrenner, his theory is that every aspect of life, every little piece of our existence affects who we are. We are each in the middle of a giant circle. Directly around us is our microsystem, this entails our families, school, everything we see and deal with daily. Next is the exosystem, this is the pieces of ones life out of their direct range, such as parents work place, extended family, neighborhoods, etc. The final circle is the macrosystem, this is where culture and attitudes come into play, for example, war, the economy, and government. Although these things are outside the individuals personal circle, they are still affective in molding and shaping adolescent identity. To sum up all of the research and theories above, it is safe to say that every facet of ones life has an impact on a persons identity in one way or another. Through their upbringing, culture, social roles, and environment, adolescents develop their identity. They learn to rely on those they can trust and build perceptions about the things that they know and the things that they dont know. Their cognitive abilities have reached a point in the adolescent years where they can determine for themselves their own paths based on their own views and opinions, even though much of their thought processes are affected by the values that have been instilled in them. Parents and caregivers play a tremendous role on religion, social status, environment, education and future. Teachers also play a role in the development of a teenagers identity. Through the use of clear expectations and positive praise, a teacher can increase their students self-esteem. They also have the ability to encourage positi ve group choices through group projects and student awareness. Teachers are also powerful role models and can create a strong learning environment that encourages cognitive growth and can increase the desire for students to pursue higher education. Teachers can make a difference in their students lives and help them develop a strong sense of self and identity. The most important thing a teacher can do is to know their students. Resources Cherry, K (2012). Stages of psychosocial  development: Psychosocial development in preschool, middle Childhood, and  adolescence. Retrieved from http://psychology. about.com/od/ psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial_2.htm Feinstein, S. (2007). Teaching the at-risk teenage brain. Retrieved from http://chapters. scarecrowpress.com/15/788/1578866 464ch1.pdf Gilgun, J (1993). Erik erikson and the use of case studies. Retrieved from (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Marcia, J. E., (1966), Development and validation of ego identity status, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3, pp. 551-558. Retrieved from http://iws2.collin.edu/lstern/JamesMarcia.pdf McLeod, S. A. (2008). Social identity theory. Retrieved from http://www.simply psychology.org/social-identity-theory.html Sokol, Justin T. (2009) Identity Development Throughout the Lifetime: An Examination of Eriksonian Theory, Graduate Journal of Counseling Psychology: Vol. 1: Iss. 2, Article 14. Retrieved from http://epublications .marquette.edu/gjcp/vol1/iss2/14 Tahfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223, 96-102 Retrieved from http://www.holah.karoo.net/tajfestudy.htm Woolfolk, a., Perry, N. (2012). Child and adolescent development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.

Should Marijuana be Legalized for AIDS Use? :: social issues

Should Marijuana be Legalized for AIDS Use? Fifteen years ago the word AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) was barely used in the United States. Today, it's on the cover of every newspaper, and parents and kids discuss it regularly in the household. It is no longer considered someone else's problem; it is now everyone's problem. Not a day goes by that a person doesn't worry about AIDS. The fear of AIDS is heightened only by the fact that there is no cure. People with AIDS must live with the fact that they are eventually going to die. Their death comes slowly and painfully. Each day they take pills and shots that provide temporary relief, but in the long run, they only make matters worse. Some pill's side effects are worse than some of the disease's symptoms. What if there was a drug that could ease some of this pain? Scientists and researchers seem to believe that they have found this miracle drug. Believe it or not, this miracle drug has been used for decades. Just recently, medical doctors suggested that marijuana be used to treat some symptoms of AIDS. This proposal brings forth both medical and ethical questions. Why exactly should marijuana be legalized for AIDS use? Many doctors believe that cannabis is particularly useful in the treatment of AIDS Wasting Syndrome. They believe that it causes the patient to develop an appetite, therefore causing them to gain weight. It is also believed that marijuana helps relieve nausea caused by AIDS and other AIDS treatments. Patients have gone on record stating that marijuana has helped tremendously in the relief of AIDS related illnesses. If marijuana has been used for so many years why are we just now recognizing its medical potential? Marijuana has been suggested for medical use for many years, and yet it has always been put on the back burner. This brings up the ethical side of the argument. In the past decades marijuana has been highly abused. The main concern of legalizing this drug is that the government is making it easier for anyone to buy it on the street. The government also wants to get the point across that smoking cannabis isn't going to make the disease go away; it may only help stop some of the pain. This argument doesn't seem to have a correct answer. On one hand we can lock down and keep marijuana away from our children, and on the other we can let sick people suffer.

A Temple Dress and a Wedding Dress

A Temple Dress and a Wedding Dress For a woman, the day of her wedding is one of the most magnificent, best days of her life. No woman dreams to wear an ugly wedding dress on that very special day. And on that unforgettable day, a groom will see his wife-to-be as the loveliest and beautifully dressed woman in the whole universe. Of course, that kind of love and affection will not end on that day, Nonetheless, it is also vital that on that day, the bride should be a wearing a dress or a gown that will let her stand out.It is typically recommended for a bride to wear a modest wedding dress. In today's modern generation, it is valuable to keep the sacredness of a wedding; one way to do that is to let the bride and all the females included in the entourage to wear modern yet modest wedding gowns. When talking about a temple dress, it is somewhat different from the usual wedding dresses that people typically see today. This kind of dress is what a bride wears during a Mormon sealing weddi ng ceremony.This kind of Mormon ceremony has many similarities with a wedding; nonetheless, a Mormon bride is allowed to experience both a wedding and a sealing ceremony. In addition, not all Mormon couples have the right to go through a sealing ceremony; those couples who are permitted to do so are given a special permission by their church leaders. A Mormon bride may have freedom in choosing the kind of gown she wants to wear on her sealing ceremony, but she must keep in mind that the key to an appropriate temple dress is simplicity and modesty.Some specification or details of temple dresses include the following: it should be a white dress; the sleeves should be long; it must have a high neckline; and many other details. Whether in a church wedding or in a Mormon sealing/wedding ceremony, it is significant for the bride to be the model of modesty, real beauty, and simplicity on that sacred day. A wedding is holy and should be respected so wearing a modest wedding dress is one of the best things a bride can do on the day when she promises to give her love eternally. She does not only promise to her future husband but to the Superior one, most especially.

Free Essays on Christopher Marlowe

Christopher Marlowe â€Å"Comparisons are odious†, was once said by Christopher Marlowe in Lust’s Dominion, Act iii scene4. Christopher Marlowe has been identified as the most important Shakespeare’s predecessors. He was born in Canterbury, England, on February 6, 1564 and then baptized at St. George’s Church, Canterbury, on February 25, 1564. Marlowe was the eldest son of John Marlowe, a shoemaker and Katherine Arthur, a Dover girl of yeoman stock. Christopher’s intermediate family and extended family had a reputation of getting in trouble with the law. His sister was known for being a selfish person seeking the unjust vexation of her neighbor’s, while his father was always continually engaged in lawsuits containing debts. Christopher Marlowe entered the King’s School at Canterbury in 1579. There he held a scholarship requiring him to study Ministry. The school was a canter of theatrical interests. It contained a large library filled with a number of volumes which have been claimed as sources for Marlowe’s plays. In 1584, Marlowe received a Bachelor’s of Arts Degree. Following that, in 1587, he had received a Master of Arts Degree. Shortly after receiving his Master’s degree, Marlowe went to London. There he was part of a circle of young men which were: Rawley, Nashe, and Kyel. By 1587, his first play was â€Å"Tamburlaine the Great†, had been performed on stage. As a result of his first play, Marlowe has started getting known as a dramatist. In September, 1589, Marlowe was imprisoned in Newgate for being suspected in the murder of William Bradley. Marlowe had been accused several times of being an â€Å"atheist† and a â€Å"blasphemer†. One of his friends, named Watson, had once had actually killed a man with a sword. These charges were then led to Marlowe’s arrest in 1593, but then released on October 1, on the bail of 40 pounds. Three years later, in 1592, Marlowe... Free Essays on Christopher Marlowe Free Essays on Christopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe â€Å"Comparisons are odious†, was once said by Christopher Marlowe in Lust’s Dominion, Act iii scene4. Christopher Marlowe has been identified as the most important Shakespeare’s predecessors. He was born in Canterbury, England, on February 6, 1564 and then baptized at St. George’s Church, Canterbury, on February 25, 1564. Marlowe was the eldest son of John Marlowe, a shoemaker and Katherine Arthur, a Dover girl of yeoman stock. Christopher’s intermediate family and extended family had a reputation of getting in trouble with the law. His sister was known for being a selfish person seeking the unjust vexation of her neighbor’s, while his father was always continually engaged in lawsuits containing debts. Christopher Marlowe entered the King’s School at Canterbury in 1579. There he held a scholarship requiring him to study Ministry. The school was a canter of theatrical interests. It contained a large library filled with a number of volumes which have been claimed as sources for Marlowe’s plays. In 1584, Marlowe received a Bachelor’s of Arts Degree. Following that, in 1587, he had received a Master of Arts Degree. Shortly after receiving his Master’s degree, Marlowe went to London. There he was part of a circle of young men which were: Rawley, Nashe, and Kyel. By 1587, his first play was â€Å"Tamburlaine the Great†, had been performed on stage. As a result of his first play, Marlowe has started getting known as a dramatist. In September, 1589, Marlowe was imprisoned in Newgate for being suspected in the murder of William Bradley. Marlowe had been accused several times of being an â€Å"atheist† and a â€Å"blasphemer†. One of his friends, named Watson, had once had actually killed a man with a sword. These charges were then led to Marlowe’s arrest in 1593, but then released on October 1, on the bail of 40 pounds. Three years later, in 1592, Marlowe...

Engineering Ethics Essay Sample

Engineering Ethics Essay Sample Engineering Ethics Essay Engineering plays an important role in our society because it is a profession responsible for creating a sustainable in terms of developing our community. Construction of facilities is one of the main issues that are currently being managed by engineering professionals as a way to ensure that the credibility of services as well as perspectives to improve our society becomes attainable. Engineers are responsible for constructing materials to provide an area for the community to leave and seek dwelling places to settle for a certain period of time. As an engineer, safety is an important ethical issue because the welfare of every resident in our community needs a specific measure to ensure that accidents and hazards will not occur within our household properties. Ethics in engineering is reeled with safety issues, especially if the structure has been built with safety criticisms because it has been previously linked with accidents and hazards. The most concerning issue regarding engineering applications is when there are safety hazards because it risks the lives of engineers and construction workers while building a structure. Examples are falls from a higher elevation, smashed by debris, or trapped inside a fallen structure. Health hazards are also a concern because there are sites that expose engineers and its workers to chemical fumes that can cause respiratory or skin distress. Workers who are constantly exposed to radiation at work often develop cancer in any parts of their body. Basically, health and safety working environment or occupational safety and health is an important ethical consideration applied by engineers at their working environment. This is a process where engineers collaborate with the occupational safety and health prog ram provided by their own institution as well as local government units. In any case that some engineers fail to comply with the proper safety building codes or safety standards, it is likely that their projects fail to meet their goals. The reason behind is that there are safety regulations that were not properly mandated and implemented, leading to a risk in a safe working environment. Authorities are usually inspecting contractors because there are projects that are mandated by non-engineers, which are at risk of having their license to operate revoked. If there are previous safety standards that failed to operate or comply, it is likely that the contractor can be banned from being involved in future projects. As an engineer, it is important to have an operating license for the contractual firm as well as having a professional license. This is to properly represent the contracting company as well as to show the public that the company is operated by a group of licensed engineers. As an implication, it has been learned that the essentials of ethics applied in the engineering profession, as well as its practices, should be consistently monitored by the regulating agencies. The reason behind is to monitor the quality of the products, proper subsidy of projects for the generation of projects, and the professional background of the engineers or contractors. This is to ensure that the quality of projects is always secured in a professional way by the approved contractors of the projects or any tasks. The ethical composure of securing the rightful engineers to operate to a specific project should investigate their personal and professional background as a way to ensure that accidents will not happen in the near future (Stephan, 2012). Reference Stephan, Constantin (2012), Industrial Health, Safety and Environmental Management, epubli, Berlin, 3rd edition,  ISBN  978-3-7418-7478-9, pp. 70-71.

Personal an Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal an Professional Development - Essay Example I will be prepared if any such situation comes before me as I can get an opportunity to apply my ideas and thoughts, get a chance to make practical decisions, and formulate techniques to over come certain difficulties or problems. With my practical knowledge I will contribute to strong decision making. I feel glad to see problems as challenges. Although at times being too much mechanical and not caring about people’s emotions, I am able to develop a strategy for overcoming difficulties in various aspects of both personal and professional life. I am able to build group spirit and promote open communication. With my past experience in the law firm, I have learnt to act in a group and there by learnt to develop group spirit where I feel comfortable to support open communication with my colleagues and peers. Being into the administration department of my family run medical clinic, I am also able to lead a team as I possess tremendous organising abilities. I believe with my ability to build team with group spirit, I will be able to maximise the effort of the members, increase productivity of my organisation and thereby bring success. With the presence of such skills I will cooperate with my co-workers in lieu of listening to them and carrying an open discussion about things and problems to sort out and come up with favourable actions. I will be applying the group spirit to know individual opinion and judgements that will help me to take the ultimate decisions. The ability of communicating openly will help me to carry on an overall communication without much ambiguity. I have the competency of self development and seek feedback on my strengths and weaknesses and commence activities to enhance my knowledge, skills and competencies in order to perform more effectively or enhance my career. With this competency, I am able to spend time by learning new

Discussion Questions III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Questions III - Essay Example The effectiveness depends on the strength of understanding and ability to influence and achieve. â€Å"Strategies for communication and influence need to be rooted in a detailed, context-specific understanding of both the behavioral patterns and the underlying cultural values of those with whom we want to engage. Recognition of this is a vital first step for professionals†¦ who want to exert influence upon and engage with others across the globe.† (Dr Mooij, 2009) Negotiations are an important part of conducting business to arrive at mutually acceptable decisions or resolve issues where participants hold differences of opinion or objectives. But, â€Å"operating across national cultures often magnifies negotiation problems† (Hendon, 1999, p.16) due to differences in interpreting the subtle languages of time, space and other concepts. Apart from culture, the ability to negotiate is also affected by emotions, and body language is interpreted differently in different cultures. Take the simple action of a friendly handshake for example. Like the Germans, Americans tend to shake hands forcefully, but â€Å"in some parts of Europe a handshake is usually quick and to the point† (ibid, p.70) and the Asian handshake may be limp. Asians might interpret an American handshake as being â€Å"too abrupt and heavy-handed† (ibid) whereas an American may consider the less firm handshake as a sign of being unassertive. Spatial concepts dictate greeting rituals, the size of one’s personal ‘comfort zone’, eye contact, acceptable seating arrangements, and so on, all of which differ between cultures. Concerning time, this is something that is followed more strictly in a fast paced country like America than it is in many other countries of the world. The typical western mode of thinking perceives the concept of time as linear and sequential rather than cyclic and simultaneous. Thus, the negotiating style for someone having the former perception

Instructional Strategies Concept Research Paper

Instructional Strategies Concept - Research Paper Example He agreed to work with Dr. Cynthia for designing an instructional material with a list of suggestions and delivery method of the same. However, according to the study, Clifford, the experienced instruction designer found Dr. Cynthia to be his toughest client in his career. He faced a number of difficulties in designing the material and till date he has not been able to complete any normal ID task of his (Ertmer and Cennamo, n.d.). Challenges faced by the instructional designers Clifford lacked the essential data of learner’s characteristics, which is the most important information an instruction designer needs to develop the pattern of instruction (Ertmer and Cennamo, n.d.). Most designers put stress on learners and learning outcomes prior to the designing of instruction. The learning process complexities and several critical human dimensions are required to be understood by designers which come into play. Learners carry a wealth of experiences and traits with them to a training setting or education that play a significant part in measuring the success of the instruction. It also includes normal profile factors that tell about the learners’ background, capability and several attitudinal factors. Many of these factors have notable impacts on the learners’ motivation to learn. A basket of prerequisite skills and knowledge are also brought by the learners to the instructional setting. These entry skills are highly related to the content of a particular instructional experience (Richey, James, Klein, and Tracey, 2010. p.170). The second problem faced by Clifford was regarding contextual analysis. In spite of having four meetings with Oakes, Clifford could not gather the necessary important information that could help him during contextual analysis (Ertmer and Cennamo, n.d.). Contextual analysis plays a key role in designing and developing instructions for learning. Instructional context provides rich data about real world scenario and examples. There are few reasons that necessitate analysis of context. First, every aspect of the leaning experiences is influenced by context. Second, Context as a collection of factors can facilitate or inhibit instruction and learning. Third, multiple contexts can be required a by single classroom. For example, sixth grade students might need to do survey in neighboring historical buildings, do research in computer lab and in historic society and arrange a meeting in a hallway in a pro blem based learning approach. An instructional designer should analyze three types of contexts. They are orienting context where learner is focused primarily, instructional context that suggests about the scheduling and physical environment of the training and another is transfer context, which enables the opportunities for transferring the skills and knowledge to new situations (Morrison, Ross, Kalman, and Kemp, 2011, pp.65-66). Although Clifford did have his notes and resources from the four meetings with Oaks, but it just did seem remotely related to his assignment (Ertmer and Cennamo, n.d.). As a result, he could not create an objective domain. Objective domains are classifications or categories of objectives that helps instructional designers for determining several important elements of design. There are four domains of objective such as, cognitive, affective, psychomotor and interpersonal. These help designers to determine how to structure evaluations, objectives and delivery system. For an example, an instructional designer was working on training system for technicians for repairing a certain type of computer. It might require usage all the four domains. Such as,

Enriques Journey Essay Example for Free

Enriques Journey Essay Just as Enrique arrives, there is tension between his mother and him. They begin to argue about how Enrique had developed bad habits such as drinking and staying out late as well as sniffing glue. These problems do not surprise me because he had been through alot on his intense journey all the way from Honduras. It hurt Lourdes to see her son do nothing but hurt himself and her family because the money he was spending on alcohol should have been sent back home to help pay for school. Enrique also put his mother down by constantly making her feel guilty for leaving and that she did not deserve to call herself his mother. Looking back at the relationship between them before she left, I thought that their relationship would have been stronger than ever after not seeing each other for years and that he would appreciate the fact that he found her unlike many of the other immigrants that search for years and are still unable to find their family members. Enriques motivation to stay in the United States is work and buy a house back in Honduras not to mention the amount of money he is making allows him to afford a lot more than he could back in Honduras. He wishes to continue working so he can support his girlfriend and his daughter back home in Honduras as well as buy a house so that he can move in with his girlfriend and daughter and finally be a family. He thinks that his girlfriend is cheating on him and he realizes that he wants to be there for his daughter and raise her before she calls someone else her father. Rather than Enrique moving back home he decides that he wants his girlfriend and the baby to move to the United States with him. I believe that there is so much conflict between Enrique and Lourdes is because Lourdes is trying to mother and discipline Enrique when she was not there raise him so he feels as if she is not his mother anymore. If she had not left and raised her family as her own they would not have any problems with their relationship and most likely Enrique would have not got himself into trouble by abusing drugs and drinking too much. I believe once Enrique begins to pick up his act and stops abusing drugs and drinking and coming home late his relationship with his mother would become better as well as eing able to function the next day and able to perform well at work so he can earn enough to visit his family back home in Honduras. I believe that Enrique made the correct decision coming to the United States, although he put his life in danger he reached his goal and finally got to see his mother after many years. Despite making the same mistake as his mother and leaving his girlfriend and daughter for a job to help pay for their needs, I believe it is necessary because if Enrique was back home there was a chance he could not have even had a job and then he would have had no way to support his family. He gained many things by coming to the United States. He had an opportunity to provide a decent living for his family as well as reuniting with his mother even though it was not easy for them at first. Enrique, on his journey, lost his sense of pride. After being harassed by so many times by the local police, he had nothing left to the point where it would have made no difference if he had died. He is in jeopardy of losing his family being many thousands of miles away from them, his girlfriend could leave him for someone who is making a better living in Honduras and would be able to be there to help raise their kids.

The Biopharmaceuticals An Overview Biology Essay

The Biopharmaceuticals An Overview Biology Essay Biopharmaceuticals are defined as proteins and nucleic acids which are used for therapeutic purpose. These are high molecular weight substances prepared by biotechnological means and genetically engineered. Due to their complex structure and intricate molecular composition it is very difficult to characterize and formulate such products. Most of these products are derived from biological species and genetically engineered to produce a potent compound [1-3]. Humulin (biosynthetic recombinant human Insulin) was the first biopharmaceutical product developed by Genentech but licensed and marketed by Eli Lily and Company in 1982. In the modern era biopharmaceutical products have become a major facilitating reason of technological changes in health care sector, causing extraordinary benefits for patients, cost challenges for consumers, and profits for market shareholders.[4] Over the last decade biopharmaceutical market is the fastest growing segment in the pharmaceutical organizations. After post-recession period vigorous advancement has been seen in this area. It has been reported that approximately 40% of total pharmaceutical RD investment is occupied by biopharmaceutical products amongst which, monoclonal antibodies and product produced by recombinant DNA method are the most prevalent one.[5,6] Proteins with different amino acid sequences are the primary structure of such products. For determining the biological activity of a protein it is necessary to study its three-dimensional structure. The structure of protein is generally divided into four categories i.e. primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary (fig. 1). The primary structure is the sequence of amino acid residues which folds and stabilized by the formation of hydrogen bonds with subsequent molecules in the polypeptide chain to produce an  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± helix,  which is a spiral, rod-like st ructure, or a  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ² sheet,  a planar structure. This structure resembles to the secondary structure of proteins. The tertiary structure is a three-dimensional arrangement which gives an overall conformation of a polypeptide chain. Through hydrophobic interactions between the non-polar side chains and disulfide bonds, this tertiary structure is stabilized. A quaternary or multimeric protein contains two or more polypeptide chains, held together by non-covalent bonds.[7] fig 1. Structure of protein. Because of their unique physicochemical characteristic it is very hard and challenging to formulate biopharmaceuticals as products with therapeutic effects and storage characteristics. Meanwhile their formulation is in many ways different from conventional low-molecular drug formulation. Despite of such facts biopharmaceuticals gains lots of attention in the modern era of drug formulation. In the recent reviews it has been discussed that around 400 biotechnology-based medicinal and therapeutic agents are either registered or in the clinical trials are reviewed by the regulatory bodies. These agents are helpful in treating many life threatening diseases some of them are cancer, infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and AIDS/HIV. Some of the agents which are already in the market are monoclonal antibodies, recombinant hormones, cytokines, vaccines, recombinant blood factor, and therapeutic enzymes.[5] Discussion Biopharmaceutical market In 1970, discovery of recombinant DNA technology and monoclonal antibodies lead to initiate the development of biopharmaceutical industries. A substantial growth from $8 billion in 1992 to $149 billion in 2010 quenched the thirst of investors towards the biopharmaceutical industry. It is expected to reach $239 billion by 2015 with a growth rate of 9.9% annually. There are more than 400 Biotech drugs and vaccines are scrutinized under clinical stage, targeting more than 200 diseases. Meanwhile a large number of the population is now taking benefits from a number of biotechnological innovations like recombinant protein-based products e.g. monoclonal antibodies and some large molecule prescription drugs, which include hormones and vaccines. Table 1 illustrates some of the leading biopharmaceutical therapy classes by size worldwide in 2002. In 2008 approximately 39%, among the top 10 drugs sold globally, are biopharmaceuticals and is expected to rise to 79% of the top 10 drug sales by 20 14.[8] Table.1: Leading biopharmaceutical therapy classes by size worldwide 2002. Source: IMS MIDAS December 2002. However after the post recession period, fundings over health care and other sector is reduced which impede the growth rate of pharmaceutical industries up to significant extent. Although biopharmaceutical global sales thrive to attain high numbers in the global health sector. Biotechnological based products have generated $229 billion revenue in 2012 with an annual growth rate of 10.4%. Meanwhile the major focus of pharmaceutical organizations is on biopharmaceutical vs. Small molecule drugs which enables to allocate high funding towards this area. This may be due to very less generic biosimilar products available in the market. In year 2009 there are total 18 biopharmaceutical products are approved by US FDA which is higher than the previous years i.e. 11 in 2008 and 10 in 2007. In a report of Battelle Technology Partnership Practice, it was estimated that the overall impact of biopharmaceutical sector on the US economy is $917 billion. These companies are making alliances with oth er essential services such as computing and information, clinical trial and regulatory support services, technologies, manufacturing and equipment, and transportation and logistics providers.[9-11] Types of Biopharmaceuticals Cytokines Cytokines are a diverse group of non-antibody intercellular signalling regulatory proteins i.e. glycoprotein and low molecular weight peptides produced in very little amount inside the body. They function as a mediator for communication between various cells and induce certain response by binding to specific cell surface receptors which results in triggering various intracellular signal transduction mechanism. There are over 80 sub class of cytokines have been found. Some of these are categorized in table 2. They play an important role in coordinating embryonic development, cell growth and maturation, wound repair and healing, the immune response including acute phase reactions and septic shock, and new blood vessel formation. Cancer is among the major class of disease which is thoroughly scrutinized by the researchers with an emphasis on cytokines. However cytokines also play a vital role in mediating signalling response to systemic inflammation which tends to regulate specific neur onal network to induce sickness. Some animal studies reveal the role of cytokines in situations characterized by abnormal sleep, with emphasis on the pathogenesis of symptoms and consequences of OSAS (Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome). Cytokines interact with specific cells via (1) intracrine, in which both cytokine and receptor remain within the cell (rare); (2) autocrine, where a cytokine acts on the receptors of the same cell it is produced; and (3) paracrine, where the cytokine from one cell type interacts with receptors on other cell types.[12-16] Table 2: categorization of cytokines. There are various cytokines products available in the market and some of them are reviewed under the clinical phase for example Interleukin-2 (IL-2) aldesleukin (Proleukin), for treating renal cell carcinoma is approved by FDA. IL-1 blocker, anakinra (Kineret) and rilonacept (Arcalyst) are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes respectively.[1] Enzymes Enzymes are complex molecules produced by living cells. They increase the rate of chemical reaction without even showing their own effect in the process and hence act as a catalyst in living organisms.[17] Because of their reaction specificity, catalytic efficiency and ability to operate under mild condition of temperature and hydrogen ion concentration they are preferred as a novel class of therapeutic agents. Despite of their therapeutic role enzyme endures significant importance as a replacement therapy in many genetic disorders. However there are some disadvantages as well associated with their use such as, their parental administration required extensive purification to remove contaminants. They are also very costly to prepare and due to their large molecular structure they have limited distribution in the body. As they are proteins hence when administered inside the body act as antigen to the host cell.[18,19] Enzymes are categorized under six major classes i.e transferases, lysases, hydrolases, isomerases, ligases, and oxidoreductases. The potential utility of enzyme as pharmaceutical was noted many decades ago. However most of the enzyme therapies are used to treat functional defects. Activase ® (alteplase; recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator), is the first recombinant enzyme drug which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1987. Pulmozyme ® (Dornase alpha), a recombinant DNAse I that digests DNA in the mucous secretions in lungs, used to treat cystic fibrosis. Adagen ® (pegadamase bovine), is the first marketed product as enzyme therapy for the treatment of SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease).[20] Hormones Hormone is characterized as an important group of regulatory molecule which is synthesized in an organ or in tissue and then secreted into circulatory system where it affects respective organs whose cell bears an appropriate receptors. They are chemical messengers either small or a large macromolecule and are fairly defined as endocrine hormones. Approximately all endocrine hormones possess therapeutic importance and hence subsequently used by the researchers e.g. insulin(Insugen ®, Humulin ®, Novolin ®), human growth hormone (Ascellacrin ®, Crescormon ®), glucagon, and the gonadotrophins.[1] Antibodies: Antibodies or immunoglobulin are proteins produced, as an immune response, through white blood cells when a foreign particle or antigen intrudes inside the body. There are five classes of immunoglobulin IgE, IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgA. Amongst them IgG is the most common as a biopharmaceutical agents. A more specified term i.e. monoclonal antibodies (mAb  or  moAb) are the novel class compounds that are first developed in mid 1970s by kohler and Milstein, who successfully fused immortal cells with antibody- producing B lymphocytes. This fusion results in a hybrid which is stable, cancerous, antibody- producing cells. These are referred as hybridoma cells which unveil great source of monoclonal antibody. mAb identify antigens on a particular foreign body very specifically. mAbs are categorized under four groups according to their source: murine (derived solely from mice), chimeric (mixture of murine and human sequences), humanised (contain over 90% human sequences) and fully human.[8, 17] In 1986, Murobmonab (OKT3), a murine antibody, is the first monoclonal antibody tested as a therapeutic in humans. However it fails to produce a substantial response in the transplantation rejection patients because of production of anti-murine antibody.[20] Monoclonal antibodies are the fastest growing therapeutic class in the field of biopharmaceutical market. The market of monoclonal antibodies crosses the mark of $30 billion in 2011. Infliximab (Remicade) is the top selling monoclonal antibody in 2002 which was developed by Centocor and is marketed by Centocor and Schering-Plough for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohns disease. Rituximab (Rituxan), developed by Genentech and IDEC and marketed by Genentech, IDEC and Roche, for the treatment of non-Hodgkins lymphoma, is the second largest selling monoclonal antibody.[21] Vaccines: Vaccines are antigenic proteins which are either partial or modified form of bacteria, viruses and toxins which causes certain diseases against which vaccine protects. The antigenic property of vaccines is altered from its original form by certain processes such as utilizing attenuated viruses, inactivated viruses, part of a virus or bacteria and toxin produced by bacteria; hence they lack ability to cause disease although, endures ability to produce an immune response.[22] Vaccines are the only known prophylactic approach which are commonly available to cure many infective diseases. Vaccines cover the global market share of $ 3 billion annually. Government health agencies run different immunization programs which alleviate the risk of many infective disorders. However, there are approximately 15 million people die every year from certain infectious diseases that can be cured by vaccination process. Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries seek great potential in this area but the use is limited because of their high production cost, delivery and distribution problems. Vaccines may contain animal derived products such as Bovine serum albumin or fetal calf serum or human derived product for example using cell lines of human tissues. However in recent years transgenic and recombinant plants are also utilized for the production of vaccines.[12,23,24] There are different vaccines available in the market for many infectious diseases such as poliomyelitis, cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, measles, meningitis etc. For hepatitis B virus some examples are Baraclude (Entecavir ®), Adefovir dipivoxil (Hepsera ®), Lamivudine (Epivir ®-HBV, 3TC), Alfa Interferon (Intron ® A, Infergen ®, Roferon ®).[1,25] Antisense drugs: Antisense compounds are non-coding strand of messenger RNA(mRNA), which hybridize with mRNA and inactivates the ability of genes to produce the protein for which it holds the recipe.[26] They do not alter human gene causing variation in human genetic information. It was first developed in 1978 using a string of DNA nucleotide which binds with messenger RNA and block its function. These drugs are designed to treat a wide range of diseases such inflammatory, infectious, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Fomiversen was the first antisense drug approved in 1998 for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinits in AIDS patients. These are categorized under three sub-classes i.e. antisense oligonucleotides(ASONs), ribozymes and RNA interference(RNAi). Affinitak, manufactured by ISIS pharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly, is used for the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma(NSCLC). There are certain antisense compound are under review by health agencies for their therapeutic efficacy towards ma ny anomalies[27,28] Peptide therapeutics: Peptides are polymers having one or two amino acids linked with amides and are chemically synthesized by using liquid phase or solid phase synthesis. Their chemical synthesis is preferred over biosynthetic approach because it facilitates the conjugation or incorporation of small molecules and non-natural amino acids. This approach reveals the potential of such molecules as cytotoxic agents for antitumor therapy. Peptides with non-natural opens up the possibility for greater chemical diversity, analogous to small-molecule medicinal chemistry approaches for developing high-af ¬Ã‚ nity, highspeci ¬Ã‚ city molecular recognition. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) and peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)are developed from the effectors of innate immune response in eukaryotes during their defense mechanism. However there are not many products of peptides found in the market but researchers are trying to develop some therapeutic peptides and proteins with significant effect towards certain diseases. Nesiritide (Natrecor, Noratak) is produced by Johnson Johnson2001, Teriparatide (Forteo) is developed and marketed by Lily in 2002 Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) is manufactured by Trimeris 2003.[29-31] Challenges associated with biopharmaceutical products: Biopharmaceutical products such as monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, certain hormones, and cell therapies are rewarded as some of the most promising innovation in the field of medicine and health. However there are certain risk and challenges associated with such products which hamper their performance. One of the major challenges is the purification of proteins although it can be achieved by various processes but still purification of such compound is very critical hence requires a lot of attention during manufacturing. Next generation pharmaceutical.[32] However the whole process is carried out under two phases i.e. upstream and downstream regulation. Immunogenicity associated with some of these proteins is also a major concern for biopharmaceutical agents. A repeated injection of human protein may affect the immune tolerance towards self- antigen, leading to humoral response.[33]   Biopharmaceutical products require greater attention, process level as well as monitory level, in the development phase of the drug discovery process it requires approximately $200 million to develop a biopharmaceutical product hence the risk associated with their failure during development stage is increased. Apart from purification and immunogenicity some other issues also make some impact during their development such as government regulations which influence the cost of such products. As discussed earlier it takes a large amount of money to develop such agents hence companies also compensate their development cost and earn profits from their products, ones marketed, which exponentially increases the cost of the drugs. Last and one of the most important risk associated with such products is the introduction of biosimilar products. Biopharmaceutical market is growing very fast, the initial compounds of the first generation are now coming to an end. The expiry of the patents opens the market for generic products which not only influence the established market of some very popular brands, it also forms a milieu of competition to sell the products at cheaper rates which is compensated by their quality.[34] Conclusion Biopharmaceutical products are one amongst the novel class of therapeutic compounds. These are medical agents obtained from biological sources and some special one are manufactured by biotechnological means. They are cellular products, therapeutic proteins, vaccines, gene therapy products and plasma blood product derivatives. Erythropoietins, insulins, and monoclonal antibodies, are some of the leading biopharmaceutical products available in the market hence biopharmaceutical companies are now focusing on their use in long-term conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and asthma. The blockbuster sales of some existing biopharmaceutical products accompanied by the tremendous innovation and a plethora of pipeline products demonstrate the vigorous growth in the biopharmaceutical market in upcoming years. This significant growth is supported by some of the key segments of the field like monoclonal antibody and vaccines. In addition approaches like gene therapy and peptide ther apeutics holds enormous potential for some life threatening anomalies and the combined approach of proteomics, genomics and biotechnology is predicted to empower the most part of the healthcare sector in the upcoming days.